In human beings and higher animals anabolic processes predominate after eating.
Anabolism also predominates during periods of growth. At the beginning of life, when
growth is more pronounced, metabolism has a stronger anabolic quality than later in life.
Humans can produce catabolic states by fasting. During illness catabolism predominates.
In animals and humans the rhythm of the inner time clock moderates the metabolic flow.
Light plays a role in setting the inner time clock here too. Animals and humans have a
metabolic circadian rhythm (rhythm of day and night). A metabolic circadian rhythm has
been demonstrated very early on in the embryos of birds, as well as in human newborns.
In the adult human organism the solar diurnal rhythm has shifted, as in the rhythm of
sleeping and waking and in metabolism.
1. The ergotrope phase: Between 3 AM and 3 PM.
Hildebrandt et al (1998) demonstrated that one 2000-calorie meal taken during this time
results in a weight decrease of over 500 grams in 5 days. They also measured oxygen
consumption when equal, small, low protein meals were given frequently during day and
night (every 2-4 hours). Oxygen use is 50% higher during the ergotrope phase (120% of
average daily oxygen consumption). Catabolism predominates during this phase.
2. The trophotrope phase: Between 3 PM and 3 AM.
The same one meal taken during the trophotrope phase of the human organism results in
a weight gain of more than 500 grams within a week. Oxygen consumption is 80% of the
daily average. Anabolism dominates the metabolism during this phase.
In the adult human metabolism the solar diurnal rhythm has shifted to a 3 AM/3 PM
rhythm.
The human time clock has a resistance tochange; it is harder to influence than thetime clock of plants (Hildebrandt et al,1998). It may take human beings 1-3weeks to adjust physiologically after airtravel across time zones. After jet lag manyinternal rhythms need to shift their phase.Some rhythms adjust to the day and nightrhythm of the new time zone on the day ofarrival, others take weeks to synchronize. Ingeneral, the inner time clock can change 1-2 hours/day after travel across time zones.
1.2.5. Ontogeny, phylogeny and time rhythms.
Hildebrandt et al describe different rhythms in organisms:
A. Long wavelength rhythms:
• the circannual rhythm, a yearly rhythm
• the circalunar rhythm, a monthly rhythm
• the circaseptan rhythm, a 7-day rhythm
• the circadian rhythm, a diurnal rhythm
B. Median wavelength rhythms:hourly and minute rhythms, which we find in organs, as for instance in the rhythms ofperistalsis and of breathing.
C. Short wavelength rhythms:rhythms of seconds or parts of seconds. These are predominant in cells and tissues (asseen for instance in electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms of the brain).In general long wavelength rhythms are moreexogenous rhythms, which means they aredependent on outside influences, for instance onsolar and lunar rhythms. In plants long wavelengthrhythms (i.e. circannual and circalunar) arepredominant. Plants do not have strongly developedinner rhythms, which makes it easier to change theirinner time clock from without, as happens forinstance in greenhouses with artificial light.The shorter wavelength rhythms, such as organrhythms, are usually endogenous rhythms. They aredependent on the inner time clock only. Endogenousrhythms are more developed in animals. The morehighly developed the animal the more it develops awhole spectrum of rhythm frequencies, down to thevery short ones.Human beings have pronounced endogenousrhythms. Jet lag is a result of having a strongendogenous rhythm. Human beings have alsodeveloped an important additional attribute inrelation to time cycles -- we are able to emancipateourselves progressively from exogenous long
wavelength rhythms (such as from sun and moon). These exogenous time rhythms are
internalized in the human organism and may then function with a shift in phase. Besides
the above-mentioned shift in the solar diurnal rhythm another example of this is the
female period in relation to lunar rhythms. Human beings can be relatively free from
exogenous rhythms, and more self-dependent in relation to time rhythms.
Anabolism also predominates during periods of growth. At the beginning of life, when
growth is more pronounced, metabolism has a stronger anabolic quality than later in life.
Humans can produce catabolic states by fasting. During illness catabolism predominates.
In animals and humans the rhythm of the inner time clock moderates the metabolic flow.
Light plays a role in setting the inner time clock here too. Animals and humans have a
metabolic circadian rhythm (rhythm of day and night). A metabolic circadian rhythm has
been demonstrated very early on in the embryos of birds, as well as in human newborns.
In the adult human organism the solar diurnal rhythm has shifted, as in the rhythm of
sleeping and waking and in metabolism.
1. The ergotrope phase: Between 3 AM and 3 PM.
Hildebrandt et al (1998) demonstrated that one 2000-calorie meal taken during this time
results in a weight decrease of over 500 grams in 5 days. They also measured oxygen
consumption when equal, small, low protein meals were given frequently during day and
night (every 2-4 hours). Oxygen use is 50% higher during the ergotrope phase (120% of
average daily oxygen consumption). Catabolism predominates during this phase.
2. The trophotrope phase: Between 3 PM and 3 AM.
The same one meal taken during the trophotrope phase of the human organism results in
a weight gain of more than 500 grams within a week. Oxygen consumption is 80% of the
daily average. Anabolism dominates the metabolism during this phase.
In the adult human metabolism the solar diurnal rhythm has shifted to a 3 AM/3 PM
rhythm.
The human time clock has a resistance tochange; it is harder to influence than thetime clock of plants (Hildebrandt et al,1998). It may take human beings 1-3weeks to adjust physiologically after airtravel across time zones. After jet lag manyinternal rhythms need to shift their phase.Some rhythms adjust to the day and nightrhythm of the new time zone on the day ofarrival, others take weeks to synchronize. Ingeneral, the inner time clock can change 1-2 hours/day after travel across time zones.
1.2.5. Ontogeny, phylogeny and time rhythms.
Hildebrandt et al describe different rhythms in organisms:
A. Long wavelength rhythms:
• the circannual rhythm, a yearly rhythm
• the circalunar rhythm, a monthly rhythm
• the circaseptan rhythm, a 7-day rhythm
• the circadian rhythm, a diurnal rhythm
B. Median wavelength rhythms:hourly and minute rhythms, which we find in organs, as for instance in the rhythms ofperistalsis and of breathing.
C. Short wavelength rhythms:rhythms of seconds or parts of seconds. These are predominant in cells and tissues (asseen for instance in electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms of the brain).In general long wavelength rhythms are moreexogenous rhythms, which means they aredependent on outside influences, for instance onsolar and lunar rhythms. In plants long wavelengthrhythms (i.e. circannual and circalunar) arepredominant. Plants do not have strongly developedinner rhythms, which makes it easier to change theirinner time clock from without, as happens forinstance in greenhouses with artificial light.The shorter wavelength rhythms, such as organrhythms, are usually endogenous rhythms. They aredependent on the inner time clock only. Endogenousrhythms are more developed in animals. The morehighly developed the animal the more it develops awhole spectrum of rhythm frequencies, down to thevery short ones.Human beings have pronounced endogenousrhythms. Jet lag is a result of having a strongendogenous rhythm. Human beings have alsodeveloped an important additional attribute inrelation to time cycles -- we are able to emancipateourselves progressively from exogenous long
wavelength rhythms (such as from sun and moon). These exogenous time rhythms areinternalized in the human organism and may then function with a shift in phase. Besides
the above-mentioned shift in the solar diurnal rhythm another example of this is the
female period in relation to lunar rhythms. Human beings can be relatively free from
exogenous rhythms, and more self-dependent in relation to time rhythms.
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